{"id":133,"date":"2024-03-09T17:30:42","date_gmt":"2024-03-09T17:30:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/?p=133"},"modified":"2024-07-20T06:53:11","modified_gmt":"2024-07-20T06:53:11","slug":"cagdas-afganistan-tarihine-kisa-bir-bakis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/tr\/2024\/03\/09\/cagdas-afganistan-tarihine-kisa-bir-bakis\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7A\u011eDA\u015e AFGAN\u0130STAN TAR\u0130H\u0130NE KISA BiR BAKI\u015e"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Yazar: Nematullah HAB\u0130B\u0130<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Afganistan olarak bildi\u011fimiz memleketin ad\u0131 XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nceleri Afganistan isminin anlam\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re; 5000 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihe sahip olan Afganistan, tarih boyunca \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 isim ile an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki Ariyana\u2019d\u0131r. Ariyana topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kuzey taraf\u0131ndan Seyhun Nehri (Sir Derya), g\u00fcneyden ise Hint Okyanusu ay\u0131rmaktayd\u0131. Bu ismin Aryanilerin Bahtar\u2019a yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flamalar\u0131ndan sonra kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u0130kincisi Horasan\u2019d\u0131r. Ak Hunlar \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (Eftalitler (440-710)) d\u00f6neminden itibaren kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise Afganistand\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn ki konumu itibariyle XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Ahmed \u015eah Durrani taraf\u0131ndan ilk Afgan devletinin kurulmas\u0131ndan itibaren Afganistan olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cMir Gulam Muhammed Gubar Afganistan der Mesir-i Tarih adl\u0131 eserinde Afganistan\u2019\u0131n isimleri hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015ftir; Ariyana (\u0622\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0627), Afganistan\u2019\u0131n en eski ismidir. Zerd\u00fc\u015ftl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kutsal kitab\u0131 olan Avesta\u2019ya g\u00f6re M\u00d6 1000-MS 500\u2019lere kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k bir bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l Ariyaniler bu topraklarda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in Ariyaniler \u00dclkesi ya da Ariyana denilmi\u015ftir. Bu isim Avesta\u2019da Ariyana, A\u0131ryana (Erya, Arya \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0627) diye ge\u00e7mektedir ve onun yan\u0131s\u0131ra Turana, Turnaya, Toryana (Turan, \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646) diye ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Daha sonralar\u0131 ise Fars (Pers \u00dclkelerinde ise \u0130ran (\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646)) diye kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Horasan; miladi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131ldan sonra Ma\u015fr\u0131k (\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642) Do\u011fu anlam\u0131nda ya da g\u00fcne\u015fin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Miladi V. as\u0131rdan XIX. asra kadar ise Afganistan\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Afganistan; Horasan ad\u0131n\u0131 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Afganistan\u2019a b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Afgan kelimesi \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda Pe\u015ftun kavimlerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131na denilirken daha sonra Afganistan\u2019da ya\u015fayan farkl\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenlere de Afgan denilmi\u015ftir. XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Afganistan\u2019\u0131n Pakitiya, Paktika, Zaranj (Nimroz), Kandahar \u015fehirlerinde ve do\u011fu kesimlerinde ya\u015fayan Pe\u015ftunlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere Afganistan denilmi\u015ftir. XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda S\u00fcleyman Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (\u06a9\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a \u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646) etraf\u0131nda yani Afganistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney do\u011fusuna, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kabil\u2019in g\u00fcney k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise Sind (\u0130ndus) nehrinden ba\u015flayarak Kabilistan\u2019a kadar, Ke\u015fmir ve Nuristan\u2019\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan Kandihar ve Meltan\u2019a kadar Afganlar\u0131n yeri olarak Afganistan denilmi\u015ftir ve XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise Afganistan\u2019\u0131n resmi ad\u0131 olarak yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d  <\/p>\n

Afganistan 1747 y\u0131l\u0131nda Af\u015far Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurucusu ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n 1736-1747 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olan Nadir Af\u015far\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra onun komutanlar\u0131ndan ve a\u015firet reislerinden olan Ahmet \u015eah D\u00fcrrani taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Daha sonra onun o\u011fullar\u0131 Timur \u015eah ve Zaman \u015eah d\u00f6nemlerinde ise Afganistan\u2019\u0131n durumu kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ktan yararlanan Emir Dost Muhammed Han Afganistan y\u00f6netimini ele ge\u00e7irerek tekrar birli\u011fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Afganistan\u2019daki birlik tekrardan zay\u0131flay\u0131nca Hindistan\u2019da bulunan \u0130ngiliz ordular\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00fczerinde tart\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve neticesinde 1838-1842 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ilk \u0130ngiliz-Afgan Sava\u015f\u0131 patlak vermi\u015ftir. Bu sava\u015f neticesinde \u0130ngilizler Afganistan hakimiyetini ele ge\u00e7irse de Emir Dost Muhammed Han\u2019\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi sayesinde tekrar birlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ancak onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00e7\u0131kan i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar sonras\u0131nda birlik tekrardan bozulmu\u015ftur.  Emir Dost Muhammed Han\u2019\u0131n vefat\u0131ndan sonra yerine o\u011flu Emir \u015eir Ali Han ondan sonra da Yakup Han ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir ve akabinde Emir Abdurrahman Han’\u0131n iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesiyle beraber II. \u0130ngiliz- Afgan Sava\u015f\u0131 (1878-1880) ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu f\u0131rsat bilen Ruslar 1881\u2019de T\u00fcrkmenistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal edip Afganistan ile kom\u015fu olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci \u0130ngiliz i\u015fgalinden \u00fclkesini kurtar\u0131p 20 Temmuz 1880 tarihinde devletin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7en Emir Abdurrahman Han kendisi tahtta iken o\u011flu Serdar Habib Ullah Han\u2019\u0131 veliaht olarak tayin etmi\u015f ve i\u015flerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da ona devretmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra da Emir Abdurrahman\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra da devlet erkan\u0131 istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa f\u0131rsat vermeden 3 Ekim 1901 tarihinde Serdar Habib Ullah Han\u2019\u0131 emir ilan etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Emir Habib Ullah Han yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 reformlar ve Afganistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde bulunan Ruslarla iyi ili\u015fkisi sayesinde eski d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olan \u0130ngilizleri bir hayli k\u0131skand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine \u0130ngiltere Emir Habib Ullah Han\u2019dan babas\u0131 zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lan antla\u015fmay\u0131 tan\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0130ngilizlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Hint h\u00fck\u00fbmetine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Fakat Emir Habib Ullah Han Afganistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet oldu\u011funu dile getirerek \u0130ngilizlerin k\u00f6t\u00fc emelli isteklerinden uzak durmu\u015ftur. Sonras\u0131nda Emir Habib Ullah Han Hindistan\u2019a davet edilerek g\u00f6rkemli bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, deniz g\u00fc\u00e7leri g\u00f6sterilerek askeri faaliyetler izletilmi\u015ftir. Psikolojik olarak \u0130ngilizlerin tesiri alt\u0131nda kalan Emir Habib Ullah Han \u00fclkesine d\u00f6nerek \u00fclkesini kalk\u0131nd\u0131rma yollar\u0131n\u0131 aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Emir Habib Ullah Han daha Hindistan seyahatindeyken \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya kendi aralar\u0131nda anla\u015farak b\u00f6lge meselelerini ve \u00e7\u0131kar sahalar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen be\u015f maddelik St. Petersburg Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re \u0130ran iki n\u00fcfuz b\u00f6lgesine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, Kuzeyi Ruslara, do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneyi ise \u0130ngilizlere b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kinci maddede Tibet\u2019teki \u00c7in hakimiyetini tan\u0131yacaklar, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc maddede Ruslar Afganistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeyecekler ve Afganistan ile ilgili konularda ise gerekirse \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye dan\u0131\u015facaklar, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc maddede \u0130ngiltere Afganistan\u2019\u0131n hi\u00e7bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeyecek ve i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmayacak ve son olarak be\u015finci maddesinde ise Afganistan emiri taraf\u0131ndan onayland\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde bu antla\u015fma ge\u00e7erli say\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Ancak Emir Habib Ullah Han bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 kabul etmemi\u015ftir ve bir m\u00fcddet sonra da 19-20 \u015eubat 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u0131\u015f mevsimini ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in Celalabad\u2019a ordan da La\u011fman\u2019a ge\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u0131rada Kalla Gu\u015f b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan av sahas\u0131ndaki \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131nda uyur iken \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ard\u0131ndan yerine o\u011flu Emir Emanullah Han ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Emir Emanullah Han 28 \u015eubat 1919 tarihinde Afganistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet oldu\u011funu ilan ederek \u0130ngilizlerin Hindistan genel valisi Lord Chelmsford\u2019a 3 Mart 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir mektup g\u00f6ndermi\u015f, h\u00fcr ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Afganistan ad\u0131na yeni bir antla\u015fma yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. \u0130ngilizler bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 kabul etmeyince de aralar\u0131nda sava\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Afganistan halk\u0131n\u0131n derin m\u00fccadeleleri sonucunda \u0130ngilizler 3 Haziran 1919 tarihinde ate\u015fkes ilan etmi\u015f ve bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece 8 A\u011fustos 1919 tarihinde Ravalpindi\u2019de imzalanan antla\u015fma ile III. \u0130ngiliz-Afgan Sava\u015f\u0131 resmen sona ermi\u015f, Afganistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015f ve \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan da tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1919-1928 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Afganistan Devleti\u2019nin siyasi ve idari y\u00f6nlerini d\u00fczenlemeye ve modern bir devlet olmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapan Emir Emanullah Han, 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngilizlerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 ve yerel halk\u0131n ayaklanmalar\u0131 ile idari yolsuzluklar ve i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar nedeniyle zorla istifa ettirilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra da Kabil\u2019den ayr\u0131larak Kandihar\u2019a oradan da \u0130talya\u2019ya giderek hayat\u0131na devam etmi\u015ftir. Emanullah Han yerine gelen Habibullah Kalakani dokuz ay boyunca Afganistan hakimiyetini elinde tutsa da Nadir \u015eah Afganistan\u2019\u0131n hakimiyetini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. (1929-1933) Ancak Nadir \u015eah da Abdul Halik ad\u0131nda bir \u00f6\u011frenci taraf\u0131ndan Dilg\u00fc\u015fah Saray\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fczenlenen bir t\u00f6ren s\u0131ras\u0131nda 8 Kas\u0131m 1933’te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcnce Nadir \u015eah’\u0131n o\u011flu ve Afganistan\u2019\u0131n son padi\u015fah\u0131 olan Zahir \u015eah y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irerek 1933-1973 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Afganistan\u2019\u0131 y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. (\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 2007)<\/p>\n

1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na gitti\u011fi s\u0131rada amcas\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu olan Davut Han, Demokratik Halk Partisi ile birlikte bir darbe sonucunda ilk kez Afganistan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devirerek Afganistan Cumhuriyetini ilan etmi\u015ftir. Bundan sonra Davut Han baz\u0131 reformlar ba\u015flatarak kad\u0131n haklar\u0131nda d\u00fczenlemeler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revlere kendi aile \u00fcyelerini atam\u0131\u015f ve kraliyet mensubu aile \u00fcyelerini ise idam ettirmi\u015ftir. Solcular\u0131n deste\u011fi ile \u0130slamc\u0131 muhalefeti yok etme karar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131nca baz\u0131lar\u0131 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda idam edilmi\u015f, G\u00fclbeddin Hikmetyar (d. 1947) ve Ahmed \u015eah Mesud gibi (1953-2001) gelece\u011fin m\u00fccahitleri ise Pakistan\u2019a ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1975\u2019ten itibaren \u0130slamc\u0131lardan kurtuldu\u011funa emin olduktan sonra kabinesindeki kom\u00fcnist bakanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6revden alm\u0131\u015f ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden de uzakla\u015farak sol gruplar\u0131 da takibata ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra ise sol ve sa\u011f parti \u00fcyelerini de kitle halinde tutuklamaya ba\u015flay\u0131nca Sovyetler taraf\u0131ndan davet edilerek sol kesime d\u00f6n\u00fck bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir. Nitekim Sovyet politikas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimin sonucu Afganistan\u2019\u0131n en kuvvetli iki sol grubu olan Halk ve Per\u00e7em (Bayrak) aralar\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonland\u0131r\u0131p g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve Davut Han\u2019\u0131 devirmeye karar vermi\u015flerdir. Her ne kadar Davut Han bunlar\u0131 ba\u015fta dikkate almasa da sonradan Nisan 1978\u2019de Kom\u00fcnist liderlerinden Mir Akbar Haybar\u2019\u0131n suikastinden h\u00fck\u00fbmeti sorumlu tutan Nur Muhammed Terakki, Babrak Karmal ve di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok kom\u00fcnist liderleri tutuklatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tutuklamalar neticesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Sovyetlerden e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f olan Kom\u00fcnist subaylar Hafizullah Emin\u2019in verdi\u011fi talimatla 1978\u2019de Davut Han\u2019\u0131 devirerek baz\u0131 aile \u00fcyeleriyle birlikte \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylece Afganistan Halk Partisi\u2019nin hakimiyeti alt\u0131na ge\u00e7mekle birlikte Sovyetlerin Afganistan\u2019a girmesini de sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f oldular. Sonras\u0131nda Afganistan 1979-1988 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Rus-Afgan Sava\u015f\u0131 ile birlikte 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k Rus i\u015fgali alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Davud Han\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netimini deviren Halk ve Per\u00e7em Partisi\u2019nin liderleri Nur Muhammed Taraki, Babrek Karmel ve Hafizullah Emin birle\u015ferek y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve Nur Muhammed Taraki\u2019yi devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Daha sonras\u0131nda Hafizullah Emin, Nur Muhammed Tarak\u2019inin hakimiyetine son vererek y\u00f6netime kendi ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir ve onun da \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine yerine Babrek Karmel getirilmi\u015ftir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ne kar\u015f\u0131 Afganistan\u2019da baz\u0131 gruplar direni\u015fe ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve cihat\u00e7\u0131 gruplar\u0131n direni\u015fi ile Babrek Karmel\u2019in y\u00f6netimi 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda sona ermi\u015ftir. Akabinde Dr. Necibullah devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ruslar\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesinin ard\u0131ndan Dr. Necibullah\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fbmeti zay\u0131flamaya ba\u015flamakla birlikte \u00fclkenin baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri de elinden \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dr. Necibullah\u2019\u0131n komutanlar\u0131ndan olan Mar\u015fal (General) Dostum, Camiyet-i \u0130slami Afganistan adl\u0131 parti ile anla\u015farak 16 Nisan 1992 tarihinde m\u00fccahitlerin Kabil\u2019e girmelerini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Kom\u00fcnistler d\u00f6nemi devrildikten sonra m\u00fccahitler grubundan olan Subgatullah M\u00fcceddidi devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilmi\u015ftir. Ancak gruplar\u0131n ortak karar\u0131 neticesinde 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131k Burhanuddin Rabbani\u2019ye b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7te d\u00fczenin bozulmas\u0131 ile beraber M\u00fccahit gruplardan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar\u2019\u0131n Hizb-i \u0130slami, Burhanuddin Rabbani\u2019nin Cemiyet-i \u0130slami ve di\u011fer gruplarda d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin savunms\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda maddi himayeleri alt\u0131na girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bunun \u00fczerine Afganistan\u2019da i\u00e7 sava\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fta Afganistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Kabil olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok yer y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, harabeye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve 25 bin ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra da 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda Taliban h\u00fck\u00fbmeti Pakistan, Suudi Arabistan ve ABD deste\u011fiyle 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afganistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Kabil\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece 1996-2001 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Taliban h\u00fck\u00fbmeti devam etmi\u015ftir. 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin 11 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fc bahane ederek Afganistan\u2019a girmesiyle Taliban y\u00f6netimi sonlansa da \u00fclkenin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Taliban kontrol\u00fcnde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fbmet ile Taliban aras\u0131nda yirmi y\u0131ll\u0131k sava\u015f, Trump h\u00fck\u00fbmeti taraf\u0131ndan 29 \u015eubat 2020\u2019de imzalanan Doha Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ABD askerlerinin \u00e7ekilmesinin kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda Taliban sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ve bunun sonucunda ba\u015fkent Kabil\u2019in d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle doru\u011fa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve Taliban y\u00f6netimi tekrar iktidara getirilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/b><\/p>

Saray,\nM. (1988). Afganistan. In TDV \u0130slam Ansiklopedyasi<\/i> (Vol. 1, pp.\n408-411). \u0130stanbul.<\/span><\/o:p><\/p>

Anonim.\n(2014). Tarih-i Muhtasar\u0131 Penc Daha-i Afganistan .<\/i> Kabil: \u0130nti\u015farat-i\nMohsin .<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>

Cliford,\nM. (1368 Hicri). Serzemin ve Merdomai Afganistan.<\/i> (M. Asedi , \u00c7ev.)\nTehran: \u00c7aphane-i \u015eirketi \u0130nti\u015farati \u0130lmi ve Farhangi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>

Duaguy,\nM. (2005). Ruydadhay-i Penc Deha-i Ahir Der Afganistan .<\/i> Pe\u015favur:\nM\u00fcesses-i \u0130nt\u015farat-i El Ezer .<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>

Duman,\nS. (2019). Afganistan’da T\u00fcrkler .<\/i> Ankara: Berikan Yay\u0131nevi.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>

Gubar,\nG. (2005). Afganistan Der Mesir-i Tarih .<\/i> Kabil: \u0130nti\u015farat-i Meyvend .<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>

Kaber,\nA. (1394 Hicri ). Tarihi Maasiri Afganistan .<\/i> Ma\u015fhad : Na\u015fri Badah\u015fan .<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>

\u015earik,\nB. (2009). Tarih-i Muhtasar-i T\u00fcrkistan-\u0131 Cenubi .<\/i> Tahran: \u0130nti\u015farat-\u0131\nEni\u015fe-i Nev.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>

Sivrio\u011flu,\nT., & T\u00fcrko\u011flu, A. (2017). Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Afganistan Tarihi.<\/i>\n\u0130stanbul: Kalkedon.<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/p>

Zeki,\n\u0130. (2019). Afganistan\u2019da Hakimiyet M\u00fccadelesi Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 1809-2019.\nKonya: \u00c7izgi Kitabevi<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazar: Nematullah HAB\u0130B\u0130 Bug\u00fcn Afganistan olarak bildi\u011fimiz memleketin ad\u0131 XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nceleri Afganistan isminin anlam\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re; 5000 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihe sahip olan Afganistan, tarih boyunca \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 isim ile an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki Ariyana\u2019d\u0131r. Ariyana topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kuzey taraf\u0131ndan Seyhun Nehri (Sir Derya), g\u00fcneyden…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":326,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=133"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":210,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133\/revisions\/210"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=133"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=133"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=133"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}