{"id":315,"date":"2024-03-20T10:45:51","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T10:45:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/?p=315"},"modified":"2024-07-20T06:53:49","modified_gmt":"2024-07-20T06:53:49","slug":"afganistan-pakistan-iliskileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/tr\/2024\/03\/20\/afganistan-pakistan-iliskileri\/","title":{"rendered":"Afganistan-Pakistan \u0130li\u015fkileri"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Pakistan’\u0131n 1947’de kurulu\u015fundan bu yana Afganistan’\u0131n Pakistan \u0130le ili\u015fkileri her zaman ini\u015fli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Afganistan ve Pakistan ili\u015fkilerini tetikleyen unsurlar\u0131 ve sebepleri do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde analiz edebilmek i\u00e7in bu iki \u00fclkenin siyasi tarihi ekseninde, ayr\u0131ca Pakistan\u2019\u0131n kurulu\u015fundan \u00f6nceki b\u00f6lgede geli\u015fen jeopolitik unsurlar\u0131 ele almak gerekmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda tarih boyunca iki \u00fclke her ne kadar k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yak\u0131nl\u0131k hissetse de \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi d\u00f6neminden kalan s\u0131n\u0131r anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki \u00fclke ili\u015fkilerini tetikleyen en \u00f6nemli konuyu olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>

\u0130kinci Afgan-\u0130ngiliz sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonunda Afganistan Emiri Muhammed Yakoob Han Gandumak anla\u015fmas\u0131yla Belucistan’\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ki \u015fu an Pakistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindedir, \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesinde Hindistan\u2019a b\u0131rakmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca 1893’te \u0130ngiliz bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda Abdul Rahman Han, Hindistan ile Afganistan’\u0131n n\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi i\u00e7in “Durand” antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir. Bu antla\u015fma ile daha sonra Pakistan ve Afganistan aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlardan olan “Pe\u015ftunistan” (Pakistan’da Pe\u015ftunlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge) \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve \u00f6zerklik talebi sorunu olarak bu iki \u00fclke ili\u015fkilerini zedeleyen en etkili unsur olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>

\u00a0Ad\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Sekreteri Mortimer Durand\u2019dan alan bu s\u0131n\u0131r antla\u015fmas\u0131 bu s\u00fcrece kadar Afgan y\u00f6netimleri taraf\u0131ndan her ne kadar kabul g\u00f6r\u00fcnmese de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bitmesinin hemen ard\u0131ndan 1919\u2019da Afganistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngilizlere kabul ettiren Amanullah Han, Afganistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Kuzeybat\u0131 S\u0131n\u0131r Eyaleti b\u00f6lgelerine hak iddia etmesine ra\u011fmen olumlu bir sonu\u00e7 elde edememi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00fczden \u0130ngilizler ile s\u00f6z konusu s\u0131n\u0131r antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yenilemek durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar Durand Hatt\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 camiada Pakistan-Afganistan\u2019\u0131n resmi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kabul edilmekteyse de Afgan y\u00f6netimleri bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 kabul etmekte \u00e7ekince g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Afganistan\u2019da istikrarl\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devletin kurulmas\u0131 halinde bu meseleyi bir sorun olarak g\u00fcndeme getirilmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Pakistan\u2019\u0131n kurulu\u015f d\u00f6neminde Afganistan taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131l\u0131p g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar \u201ctaviz verilmez\u201d bir iddia olarak g\u00fcndemdeki yerini koruyan Pe\u015ftunistan meselesi de Pakistan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddi bir tehdit olarak alg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. Afganistan\u2019da istikrarl\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fbmetin kurulmas\u0131 durumunda bu konunun yeniden g\u00fcndeme getirilmesi beklenmektedir. Bu y\u00fczden Pakistan ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun bu konular\u0131n yeniden g\u00fcndeme gelmesini engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Bu nedenle daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde oldu\u011fu gibi bundan sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te de Pakistan-Afganistan ili\u015fkilerinin daha \u00e7ok bu eksende geli\u015fece\u011fi beklenebilir. Pakistan\u2019daki radikal unsurlar ve medreseler de bu iki \u00fclke ili\u015fkilerini zedeleyen di\u011fer unsurlard\u0131r. Pakistan Taliban Hareketi (Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan-TTP), Cangvi Ordusu (Le\u015fker-e Cangvi-LEC), Pakistan Sahabe Sipahileri (Sipah-e Sahabe Pakistan) gibi hareketler bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir.<\/u><\/p>

\u00a0Afganistan ve Pakistan ili\u015fkileri konjekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde geli\u015fen siyasi ili\u015fkiler ekseninden dolay\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 politikalar\u0131 da \u00f6nemli derecede farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 farkl\u0131 m\u00fcdahalelerde bulunulmu\u015ftur. Bu ba\u011flamda s\u0131n\u0131r anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra iki \u00fclke ili\u015fkilerinde iki devlet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da g\u00f6\u00e7 meselesi \u00f6nemli bir sorun te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerde Pakistan\u2019\u0131n Afgan g\u00f6\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir politika izledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclse de d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem geli\u015fen siyasi ili\u015fkilerden dolay\u0131 Afgan m\u00fclteci krizi Pakistan-Afganistan ili\u015fkilerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gerginli\u011fe neden olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda geli\u015fen siyasi ili\u015fkiler g\u00f6\u00e7 \u00fczerinde yans\u0131malar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/u><\/p>

Durand Hatt\u0131 ve Pe\u015ftunistan meselesinin Afganistan taraf\u0131ndan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde ortaya konulmas\u0131, Pakistan-Afganistan ili\u015fkilerini belirleyen ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Pakistan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ciddi bir sorun olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Davut Han’\u0131n ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k ve Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde s\u00f6z konusu meselelerle ilgili izledi\u011fi sert politika Pakistan taraf\u0131nda endi\u015fe olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu nedenle General Muhammed Ziya \u00dcl Hak d\u00f6neminden General Perviz M\u00fc\u015ferref d\u00f6nemine kadar Pakistan, \u00f6nce Afganistan’daki kom\u00fcnist h\u00fck\u00fbmetlerini desteklemi\u015ftir ard\u0131ndan Sovyet i\u015fgali y\u0131llar\u0131nda direnen M\u00fccahit gruplar\u0131n lehine tav\u0131r alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fccahit gruplar, 1973 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra iki \u00fclke ili\u015fkilerinde \u00f6nemli bir fakt\u00f6r olarak var olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Davud Han’\u0131n bir darbe ile iktidara gelmesinden sonra Pakistan’\u0131n deste\u011fiyle merkezi h\u00fck\u00fbmete kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden M\u00fccahit gruplar, Kabil h\u00fck\u00fbmeti i\u00e7in tehdit olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Daha sonra Pakistan’\u0131n Taliban\u2019\u0131 desteklemesi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda ABD ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fki kurmas\u0131 Pakistan\u2019\u0131n Afganistan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 duru\u015funun bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>

Afganistan\u2019da az da olsa daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi istikrarl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde Uluslararas\u0131 camiadan ve Pakistan\u2019da Durand Hatt\u0131 ve Pe\u015ftunistan meselelerini masaya getirmeyi talep etmi\u015ftir. Dolays\u0131yla Pakistan\u2019\u0131n alg\u0131s\u0131; Afganistan’\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi, Pakistan\u2019da ya\u015fayan Pe\u015ftun n\u00fcfusun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck taleplerinin kuvvetlenmesi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>

Daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde oldu\u011fu gibi Taliban y\u00f6netiminden sonra Karzai d\u00f6neminde de Afganistan-Pakistan ili\u015fkileri bu genel \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7erisinde \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Pakistan s\u00fcrekli olarak Afganistan’da y\u00f6netime gelen h\u00fck\u00fbmetlerin zay\u0131f olmas\u0131na veya t\u0131pk\u0131 Taliban\u2019\u0131 destekledi\u011fi gibi Pakistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olmayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile onlar\u0131 desteklemeye \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Pakistan’\u0131n Afganistan\u2019a y\u00f6nelik zaman zaman temel stratejisi ise Kabil’in merkezi h\u00fck\u00fbmetine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden gruplar\u0131 desteklemek olmu\u015ftur. Pakistan, Afganistan’daki son 70 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisindeki geli\u015fmelerde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karzai h\u00fck\u00fbmeti, s\u00fcrekli olarak Pakistan’\u0131 Afganistan’\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmak ve merkezi h\u00fck\u00fbmete kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden Taliban’\u0131 desteklemekle su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ancak Pakistan ise Afganistan’\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn iddialar\u0131n\u0131 reddetmektedir. 11 Eyl\u00fcl’den sonra Karzai d\u00f6neminde daha sonra Ashraf Ghani d\u00f6neminde iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorun Taliban meselesidir ve bu nedenle iki \u00fclke birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 sert a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki \u00fclke ili\u015fkilerinin gerginle\u015fmesinden bir s\u00fcre sonra, 2006 y\u0131ll\u0131nda Afganistan devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Hamid Karzai ve Pakistan devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Perviz M\u00fc\u015ferref ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Bu\u015f’un giri\u015fimiyle Beyaz Saray’da bulu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu arabuluculuk giri\u015fimleri 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’nin liderli\u011finde d\u00fczenlenen \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Zirve ve \u0130stanbul S\u00fcreci ile devam etmi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Zirve\u2019ler ve \u0130stanbul s\u00fcreci \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Afganistan-Pakistan liderleri, bir araya gelip ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgesel i\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde hareket etmelerinin \u00f6nemini vurgulam\u0131\u015f iseler de birbirlerine y\u00f6nelik sert tav\u0131rlar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fim olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2001-2014 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda iki \u00fclke ili\u015fkileri gerginliklerle devam etmesine ra\u011fmen diyalog devam etmi\u015ftir. Hamid Karzai, 14 y\u0131ll\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fbmeti d\u00f6nemindeki g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131 nedeniyle, \u00f6zellikle de Taliban ile m\u00fczakere konusunda, Pakistan’\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in defalarca bu \u00fclkeyi ziyaret etmi\u015ftir. Fakat t\u00fcm bu ziyaretlere ra\u011fmen Karzai, umdu\u011fu deste\u011fi alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra Ashraf Ghani d\u00f6neminde de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ayn\u0131 zamanda gerginlikler ve su\u00e7lamalar devam etmi\u015ftir. Ghani d\u00f6neminde Taliban ile ABD m\u00fczakerelerinde Pakistan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc olmu\u015f ve Pakistan Ghani h\u00fck\u00fbmetine destek g\u00f6stermemekle beraber ABD-Taliban m\u00fczakeresinde Taliban ve ABD\u2019nin yan\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Taliban sorunu iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorun olarak mevcudiyetini korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Taliban y\u00f6netiminin ba\u015fa gelmesiyle her ne kadar Pakistan’\u0131n Taliban ile ili\u015fkileri iyi olsa da Pakistan\u2019daki Taliban gruplar\u0131 ve faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten radikal gruplar ile Taliban y\u00f6netiminin bu gruplar ile ili\u015fkilerinden dolay\u0131 iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin nas\u0131l ilerleyece\u011fi konusunda arg\u00fcman sunmak zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Taliban y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131\u015fmazl\u0131klardan dolay\u0131 Pakistan ile ili\u015fkilerini nas\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecekleri bir soru i\u015fareti olarak kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

Ekonomik ili\u015fkiler:<\/strong><\/p>

Pakistan, Afganistan\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ihracat ve ithalat orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat gerek ABD\u2019nin \u00e7ekili\u015f s\u00fcreci gerekse Taliban\u2019\u0131n \u00fclkeyi kontrol etmesi gibi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131klar ve muallakl\u0131klar, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ekonomik ili\u015fkilere k\u0131yasla ikili ticaret hacminin mevcut seviyesinin beklenenden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde seyretti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. Pakistan Devlet Bankas\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Pakistan\u2019\u0131n Afganistan\u2019a ihracat\u0131 2,6 milyar dolar ile en y\u00fcksek seviyede oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te bu hacim azalmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130thalat ba\u011flam\u0131nda ise Pakistan\u2019\u0131n Afganistan\u2019dan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalat, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda 121,8 milyon dolara kadar gerilemi\u015ftir. Bir\u00e7ok meydan okumaya ve zorlu\u011fa ra\u011fmen, Afganistan ve Pakistan aras\u0131ndaki ikili ticaretler ini\u015fli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olarak seyretmektedir. Ancak rakamlar, hala ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ikili ticaret seviyesinden daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131larda seyretmektedir. Bunun temel nedeni Pakistan’\u0131n merkezi h\u00fck\u00fbmet ile ili\u015fkilerinin zedelenmesinden ve Pakistan’\u0131n Taliban\u2019\u0131 desteklemesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak Afganistan gerek Hindistan gerekse \u0130ran ile de ekonomik ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Karzai d\u00f6neminde ve Ashraf Gani’nin son aylar\u0131nda, \u00fclkenin Pakistan ile ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirme konusundaki teredd\u00fctler nedeniyle ekonomik ili\u015fkilerde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Afganistan haritas\u0131 denize \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmayan \u015fekle sahiptir. Dolays\u0131yla Ticaret’in geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in Pakistan’a ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r. Pakistan ise Orta Asya pazar\u0131na ula\u015fmak ve Orta Asya’n\u0131n enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 pazara ula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Afganistan’a ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

Bu ba\u011flamda Afganistan ve Pakistan\u2019\u0131n bir\u00e7ok uluslararas\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgesel i\u015f birliklerinde temasta olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Asya\u2019n\u0131n Kalbi Konferans\u0131: \u0130stanbul S\u00fcreci, Afganistan B\u00f6lgesel Ekonomik \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Konferans\u0131 (RECCA), Moskova Format\u0131 Afganistan, \u015eanghay \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Afganistan Temas Grubu, Afganistan Uluslararas\u0131 Temas Grubu toplant\u0131lar\u0131na ve Alt\u0131 Parti G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri, Troika-Plus, T\u00fcrkiye-Afganistan-Pakistan \u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Zirvesi, ABD-Afganistan-Pakistan-\u00d6zbekistan diplomatik platformu, T\u00fcrkmenistan-Afganistan-Pakistan-Hindistan Do\u011fal Gaz Boru Hatt\u0131 Projesi’nin (TAPI) ve di\u011fer diplomatik m\u00fczakereler bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen \u00f6rneklerdendir.<\/p>

Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, iki \u00fclke i\u00e7in de b\u00f6lge g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve istikrar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemlidir. Afganistan ile Pakistan aras\u0131ndaki sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi ve kal\u0131c\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in iki \u00fclkenin i\u015f birli\u011finin daha ileri a\u015famada geli\u015ftirilmesi iki \u00fclkenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. G\u00fcvene dayanan i\u015f birli\u011finin geli\u015fimi hem b\u00f6lge bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na hem de ekonominin canlanmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. SSCB’den ayr\u0131lan Orta Asya Cumhuriyetlerinin denize en k\u0131sa ula\u015f\u0131m yolunun Afganistan ve Pakistan g\u00fczergah\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mek suretiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Dolays\u0131yla bu durum b\u00f6lgesel i\u015f birli\u011fini te\u015fvik etmektedir. \u0130ki \u00fclke co\u011frafyas\u0131, istikrar ve g\u00fcvenlik sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda petrol ve do\u011falgaz boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f yolu i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli stratejik konuma sahiptir. Bu durum, iki \u00fclkeye de g\u00fcvenli enerji sa\u011flaman\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ekonomik fayda da temin edebilir.<\/p>

Kaynaklar<\/p>

  • Muhammed Yasen Naseem, (2021). Pakistan-Afganistan ili\u015fkileri, Kriter, Say\u0131.60.<\/li>
  • Faz\u0131l Ahmed Burget, (2013). ”Durand Hatt\u0131” Pakistan-Afganistan aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan kavgan\u0131n di\u011fer ad\u0131, Ortado\u011fu Analiz, cilt.5, Say\u0131.56.<\/li>
  • H\u00fcseyin Aytun, (2022). Pakistan-Afganistan ili\u015fkilerinde zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn de\u011ferlendirmesi, Avrasya \u0130ncelemeleri Merkezi, UEP Rpor No:2022\/2<\/li>
  • Zabihullah Dashti, (2015). Karzai D\u00f6neminde Afganistan-Pakistan \u0130li\u015fkileri(2001-2014). Kocaeli.<\/li>
  • \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u06cc.1399 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc. \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648 \u0638\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0634. \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647-8274<\/li>
  • \u06a9\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 (\u067e\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646).2022. \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632<\/li><\/ul>

    \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u00a0 \u0628\u0631\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646(\u0645\u062a\u0627) \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<\/p>

    Yaz\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi, hakk\u0131 ve sorumlulu\u011fu yazarlara aittir. AFGAM g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini temsil etmeyebilir.<\/p>

    Content, rights and responsibilities of the articles belong to the authors. May not represent the views of AFGRC.<\/p>

    Farzin Oighoon<\/p>

    07.03.2023<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Pakistan’\u0131n 1947’de kurulu\u015fundan bu yana Afganistan’\u0131n Pakistan \u0130le ili\u015fkileri her zaman ini\u015fli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Afganistan ve Pakistan ili\u015fkilerini tetikleyen unsurlar\u0131 ve sebepleri do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde analiz edebilmek i\u00e7in bu iki \u00fclkenin siyasi tarihi ekseninde, ayr\u0131ca Pakistan\u2019\u0131n kurulu\u015fundan \u00f6nceki b\u00f6lgede geli\u015fen jeopolitik unsurlar\u0131 ele almak gerekmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda tarih boyunca iki \u00fclke her ne kadar k\u00fclt\u00fcrel…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":317,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[131],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/315"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=315"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":320,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/315\/revisions\/320"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afgrc.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}